the two things from the story

A primary focus of the novel is the glory and importance of France. Hugo characterizes the country as exhibiting all the finest qualities of humanity - though it also encompasses all of its worst features. The novel makes frequent references to historical French persons and events, and the events of the novel are shaped by the French socio-political landscape. Hugo also spends a great deal of time describing the places and people of France, painting a vivid portrait of the country in the early 19th century.