Christina Rossetti: Poems Christina Rossetti

Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was an English writer of romantic and devotional poems, including "Goblin Market" and "Remember".

She was the youngest sister of the artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti and features in several of his paintings, including Ecce Ancilla Domini! (1850). Some of her early poetry, such as "Goblin Market", was influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite movement.

She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in Britain: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set to music by Gustav Holst, Katherine Kennicott Davis, and Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set to music by Darke and other composers. Her work has influenced the writings of Ford Madox Ford, Virginia Woolf, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Elizabeth Jennings, and Philip Larkin.

Christina was affected throughout her life by ill-health and depression. She never married, despite receiving three offers, but devoted her life to her poetry and her religious faith.

Christina Rossetti was born on 5 December 1830 at 38 Charlotte Street (now 110 Hallam Street), London. Her father was Gabriele Rossetti, a poet and political exile from Vasto, Italy, and her mother was Frances Polidori, the sister of John William Polidori.[1]

Christina was the youngest of four children: Maria Francesca was the eldest, born in 1827; then Gabriel Charles Dante (later known as Dante Gabriel) in 1928; and William Michael in 1829.[2]

The children were brought up in the Protestant faith. Their mother was very devout, although their father, a lapsed Catholic, held unorthodox religious views. The family's often heated discussions over differing aspects of religion made a deep impression on the young Christina.[3]

Education

The Rossetti siblings enjoyed a close relationship, and together they produced a family magazine called the Hodge Podge. All four were interested in creating poetry, stories and illustrations.[4] Christina was a precocious child, known for her fiery temper,[5] who dictated her first story to her mother before she learnt to write.[6][7] Though her brothers were educated at boarding school, Christina and her sister Maria were educated at home by their parents. Christina read a variety of religious works, and also classics, fairy tales and novels. She delighted in the works of Keats, Scott, Ann Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis.[8] The household was a bohemian one, open to visiting Italian scholars, artists and revolutionaries.[7] The influence of Dante Alighieri, Petrarch and other Italian writers filled the home and influenced Christina's later writing. The family home in Bloomsbury[9] was within easy reach of Madame Tussauds, London Zoo and the newly opened Regent's Park, which Christina visited frequently. Unlike her parents, she felt at home in London and was seemingly happy during her early years.[7][8]

Financial troubles

In the 1840s the Rossetti family, never wealthy, faced increasing financial troubles after a deterioration in Gabriele Rossetti's physical and mental health. In 1843 he was diagnosed with persistent bronchitis, possibly tuberculosis, and faced losing his sight. He gave up his teaching post at King's College and though he lived another 11 years, he suffered from depression and was never physically well again. Christina's mother began teaching to support the family, and Maria became a live-in governess, a prospect that Christina dreaded. At this time William Rossetti was working for the Excise Office and Gabriel was at art school, leaving Christina increasingly isolated at home.[10]

When she was 14 Christina suffered a nervous breakdown and left school. Bouts of depression and related illness followed. During this period she, her mother and her sister became absorbed in the Anglo-Catholic movement that had developed in the Church of England. Religious devotion came to play a major role in her life. Between 1842 and 1847 Christina underwent a change of personality, explained by her brother William as a combination of "ill health and an early blight to the affections," as well as a growing preoccupation with religious matters, describing her as "a fountain sealed."[11]

Engagement to James Collinson

In her late teens Christina became engaged to the painter James Collinson. He, like her brothers Dante and William, was a founding member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, established in 1848.[12] However, the Collinson family did not warm to Christina, and she ended the engagement in 1850 when Collinson reverted to Catholicism. This early disappointment marked Christina profoundly.[13]

Modelling

Christina sat for several of Dante Gabriel Rossetti's paintings. In 1848 she sat for the Virgin Mary in his first completed oil painting, The Girlhood of Mary Virgin, the first work he inscribed with the initials "PRB", for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.[14] The following year Christina modelled for his depiction of the Annunciation, Ecce Ancilla Domini!

Christina was also an artist, attending the North London Drawing School in the early 1850s, and later producing her own drawings as guides for the illustrators of her poetry books.[15]

Up Hill Does the road wind up hill all the way?        Yes, to the very end. Will the day's journey take the whole long day?        From morn to night, my friend. But is there for the night a resting-place?        A roof for when the slow dark hours begin? May not the darkness hide it from my face?        You cannot miss that inn. Shall I meet other wayfarers at night?        Those who have gone before. Then must I knock, or call when just in sight?        They will not keep you standing at that door. Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and weak?        Of labour you shall find the sum. Will there be beds for me and all who seek?        Yea, beds for all who come.

From 1842 onward Christina began collecting and dating her poems. Most of these were written in imitation of her favourite poets. In 1847 she began experimenting with verse forms such as sonnets, hymns and ballads, while drawing on narratives from the Bible, folk tales and the lives of saints. Her early pieces often meditate on death and loss in the Romantic tradition.[8]

In 1847 Christina's grandfather Gaetano Polidori published a small volume of her poetry, which was given out to family and friends.[17] In 1848 two poems, "Death's Chill Between" and "Heart's Chill Between," were published in the Athenaeum magazine.[18][19] She used the pseudonym "Ellen Alleyne" in the literary periodical The Germ, published by the Pre-Raphaelites from January to April 1850 and edited by her brother William.[1] This marked the beginning of her public career.[20]

During this time Christina once more became seriously ill with depression.[7] In 1853 she helped her mother run a school in Fromefield, Frome, but the venture was not a success. A plaque marks the house.[21] In 1854 they returned to London, where Gabriele Rossetti died.[22]

Christina's more critical reflections on the artistic movement her brother had begun were expressed in an 1856 poem "In the Artist's Studio". Here she reflects on seeing multiple paintings of the same model. For Christina, the artist's idealised vision of the model's character begins to overwhelm his work, until "every canvas means/the one same meaning".[23] Dinah Roe, in her introduction to the Penguin Classics collection of Pre-Raphaelite poetry, argues that this critique of her brother and similar male artists is less about "the objectification of women" than about "the male artist's self-worship".[24]

At this time Christina received an offer of marriage from the painter John Brett, whom she refused.[7] Christina's 1860 poem, "No, Thank You, John" may refer to this episode.[25][26]Christina's biographer Violet Hunt states that Brett made a proposal of marriage to Christina and was rejected, adding that in 1858, Brett abandoned a portrait he had been painting of her.[26]

Goblin Market

Christina's first commercially printed collection, Goblin Market and Other Poems, was published under her own name by Macmillan & Co. in 1862, when she was 31.[27] Christina worked as a volunteer in 1859–1870 at the London Diocesan Penitentiary in Highgate, a refuge for fallen women – some historians have suggested that Goblin Market may have been inspired by some of its inmates.[28][29] Dante Gabriel Rossetti became his sister's collaborator and created a series of woodcut illustrations to the book,[30] and in 1861 Gabriel sent a copy to the art critic John Ruskin. The response was disappointing: Ruskin acknowledged the poem's "beauty and power" but was severely critical of its "irregular measure."[29]

After publication Goblin Market was lauded by Gerard Manley Hopkins, Algernon Charles Swinburne and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.[20] Gabriel named Christina as the natural successor to Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who had died the year before in 1861.[20][31] In an interview with William Sharp in The Atlantic Monthly (June 1895): Gabriel says: "She (Christina) is the finest woman-poet since Mrs. Browning, by a long way; and in artless art, if not in intellectual impulse, is greatly Mrs. Browning's superior."[29] The title poem, one of Christina's best known, is ostensibly about two sisters' misadventures with goblins, but critics have interpreted it in various ways, including as an allegory of temptation and salvation, a comment on Victorian gender roles and female agency, a work of erotic desire and social redemption,[30] and an allegory of "addiction and recovery".[32] There are parallels with Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in the religious themes of temptation, sin and redemption by vicarious suffering.[33]

Christina had a wide circle of friends and correspondents, including the poet Swinburne. In 1883 Swinburne dedicated A Century of Roundels to Christina, and she adopted his roundel form in a number of poems, for instance in Wife to Husband.[34]

Christina continued to write and publish for the rest of her life, mainly devotional work and poetry. In the years just before her death, she wrote The Face of the Deep (1892), a book of devotional prose, and in 1893 she oversaw an enlarged edition of Sing-Song, which had originally been published in 1872.[35]

Engagement to Charles Cayley

Between 1864 and 1866 Christina became romantically involved with the poet and translator Charles Cayley, who was also a family friend. Their relationship was affectionate, but the passionately devout Christina ultimately found herself unable to marry the agnostic Cayley.[12]

Song When I am dead, my dearest,  Sing no sad songs for me; Plant thou no roses at my head,  Nor shady cypress tree: Be the green grass above me  With showers and dewdrops wet: And if thou wilt, remember,  And if thou wilt, forget. I shall not see the shadows,  I shall not feel the rain; I shall not hear the nightingale  Sing on as if in pain: And dreaming through the twilight  That doth not rise nor set, Haply I may remember,  And haply may forget.

In her later decades Christina suffered from a type of hyperthyroidism – Graves' disease – diagnosed in 1872, suffering a near-fatal attack in the early 1870s.[1][7] In 1893 she developed breast cancer. The tumour was removed, but there was a recurrence in September 1893. She died of cancer on 29 December 1894 and was buried on 2 January 1895 in the family grave on the west side of Highgate Cemetery, which had been opened in October 1869 so that Gabriel could retrieve a volume of poems he had buried with his wife, Elizabeth Siddal.[27][35][37] There Christina joined her father, mother and Elizabeth. Her brother William was also buried there in 1919, as were the ashes of four subsequent family members.

There is a stone tablet on the façade of 30 Torrington Square, Bloomsbury, marking Christina's final home, where she died.[38]

Character

By nature a passionate, rebellious individual, Christina was fractious as a child, once cutting herself with a pair of scissors in response to a scolding by her mother[39], but later learnt to curb her temper and to cultivate a 'calm and sedate' appearance.[40] This appearance of sobriety and purity was emphasised by Gabriel's depiction of her as the Virgin Mary,[41] although Christina had a lively sense of humour, evidenced by her children's poetry and letters.

Religion was a dominant influence in Christina's life, but she took an interest in current affairs and politics. She was ambivalent about women's suffrage, but many have found feminist themes in her work.[42] She opposed slavery in the United States, cruelty to animals in prevalent vivisection, and the exploitation of girls in prostitution.[43]

Many of Christina's letters, diary entries and papers were destroyed after her death by her brother William, who undertook the task of protecting her legacy and her reputation.[44]

Christina Rossetti's popularity in her lifetime did not approach that of her contemporary Elizabeth Barrett Browning, but her standing remained strong after her death. Her popularity faded in the early 20th century in the wake of Modernism, but scholars began to explore Freudian themes in her work, such as religious and sexual repression, reaching for personal, biographical interpretations of her poetry.[7]

Feminists held her as a symbol of constrained female genius and a leader among 19th-century poets.[1][7] Her writings strongly influenced writers such as Ford Madox Ford, Virginia Woolf, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Elizabeth Jennings, and Philip Larkin. The critic Basil de Sélincourt called her "all but our greatest woman poet... incomparably our greatest craftswoman... probably in the first twelve of the masters of English verse."[7][45]

The year stood at its equinox,   And bluff the North was blowing. A bleat of lambs came from the flocks,   Green hardy things were growing. I met a maid with shining locks,   Where milky kine were lowing. She wore a kerchief on her neck   Her bare arm showed its dimple. Her apron spread without a speck   Her air was frank and simple.

Christina's Christmas poem "In the Bleak Midwinter" became widely known in the English-speaking world after her death, when set as a Christmas carol by Gustav Holst and later by Harold Darke.[47] Her poem "Love Came Down at Christmas" (1885) has also been widely arranged as a carol.[48][49]

British composers receptive to Christina Rossetti's verse included Alexander Mackenzie (Three Songs, Op. 17, 1878), Frederick Cowen, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (Six Sorrow Songs, Op. 57, 1904), Hubert Parry, Hope Squire,[50] Charles Villiers Stanford, and Jack Gibbons (sixteen song settings).[51][52] In 1918, John Ireland set eight poems from her Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book to music in his song cycle Mother and Child.[53][54] The first verse of Yoko Ono's song "Who Has Seen the Wind?" (1970) was taken from her homonymous poem.[55][56][57]

The poem "Song" was an inspiration for Bear McCreary's composition When I Am Dead, published in 2015.[58] Two of Christina's poems, "Where Sunless Rivers Weep" and "Weeping Willow", were set to music by Barbara Arens in her All Beautiful & Splendid Things: 12 + 1 Piano Songs on Poems by Women (2017, Editions Musica Ferrum). "Love is Like a Rose" was set to music by Constance Cochnower Virtue;[59] "Love Me, I Love You," was set to music by Hanna Vollenhoven;[60] and "Song of the Dawn" was set to music by Elise Fellows White.[61]

In 2000, one of many Millennium projects across the country was a poetry stone placed in what had been the grounds of North Hill House in Frome. On one side is an excerpt from Christina's poem, "What Good Shall My Life Do Me": "Love lights the sun: love through the dark/Lights the moon's evanescent arc:/Same Love lights up the glow-worms spark." She wrote about her brief stay in Frome, which had "an abundance of green slopes and gentle declivities: no boldness or grandeur but plenty of peaceful beauty".[62]

In 2011 Christina Rossetti was a subject of a Radio 4 programme, In Our Time.[63]

The title of J. K. Rowling's novel, The Cuckoo's Calling (2013), is from a line in the poem, A Dirge. The complete poem is the epigraph to the novel.[64][65]

Christina Rossetti is commemorated in the Church of England calendar on 27 April.[66]

Poetry collections

• Verses, London: privately printed, 1847[70]
• Goblin Market and Other Poems, London: Macmillan, 1862[70]
  • 1876, author's revised edition
• The Prince's Progress and Other Poems, London: Macmillan, 1866[70]
• Goblin Market, the Prince's Progress, and Other Poems. London: Macmillan. 1875.
  • Goblin Market, The Prince's Progress, and Other Poems. London: Macmillan, 1879
• Sing-Song: A Nursery Rhyme Book (1872, 1893)[71]
• A Pageant and Other Poems (1881)
• Verses, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1893[70]
• New Poems, London: Macmillan, 1896[70]
• The Rossetti Birthday Book, London: privately printed, 1896[70]
• The Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti, ed. William Michael Rossetti, London: Macmillan, 1904
• The Complete Poems of Christina Rossetti, ed. Rebecca W. Crump with publication notes, in three volumes, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979–1985
• When I am Dead my Dearest[72]

Fiction

• Commonplace and Other Stories, London: Ellis, 1870[70]
• Speaking Likenesses, London: Macmillan, 1874[70]

Non-fiction

• Called to Be Saints, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1881
• "Dante, an English Classic", Churchman's Shilling Magazine and Family Treasury 2 (1867), pp. 200–205
• "Dante: The Poet Illustrated out of the Poem". The Century (February 1884), pp. 566–573
• The Face of the Deep, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1893
• Seek and Find: A Double Series of Short Studies of the Benedicite, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879
• Time Flies: A Reading Diary, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885

1. ^ a b c d Poets, Academy of American. "About Christina Rossetti | Academy of American Poets". poets.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
2. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Christina Rossetti: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. p. 150. ISBN 978-0956730329.
3. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Christina Rossetti: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. pp. 156–170. ISBN 978-0956730329.
4. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Christina Rossetti: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. pp. 207–221. ISBN 978-0956730329.
5. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Christina Rossetti: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. p. 196. ISBN 978-0956730329.
6. ^ "Author Profile: Christina Rossetti", Literary Worlds, BYU.edu, Web, 19 May 2011.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Lindsay Duguid: "Rossetti, Christina Georgina (1830–1894)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: OUP, 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2018.". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24139. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2018. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
8. ^ a b c Packer, Lona Mosk (1963) Christina Rossetti University of California Press, pp. 13–17.
9. ^ "Dante Gabriel Rossetti | Poet | Blue Plaques". English Heritage. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
10. ^ Packer, Lona Mosk (1963) Christina Rossetti University of California Press, p. 20.
11. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Christina Rossetti: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. p. 251. ISBN 978-0956730329.
12. ^ a b Packer, Lona Mosk (1963) Christina Rossetti University of California Press, p. 29.
13. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Christina Rossetti: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. pp. 867–897. ISBN 978-0956730329.
14. ^ "Tate Gallery". Retrieved 31 December 2023.
15. ^ Features, Jeremy Musson published in (15 February 2019). "In Focus: How Christina Rossetti's poetry spilled over into the world of art". Country Life. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
16. ^ A Library of Poetry and Song: Being Choice Selections from The Best Poets. With An Introduction by William Cullen Bryant, New York, J.B. Ford and Company, 1871, pp. 261-262.
17. ^ Jones, Katleen (2011). CHRISTINA ROSSETTI: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. p. 488. ISBN 978-0956730329.
18. ^ "Christina Rossetti (1830–1894)," eNotes.com, Web, 19 May 2011.
19. ^ Jan Marsh, Christina Rossetti and the Pre–Raphaelite Brotherhood Archived 30 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
20. ^ a b c The Cambridge Companion to English Poets (2011), Claude Rawson, Cambridge University Press, pp. 424–429.
21. ^ "Plaques". 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
22. ^ "Christina Rossetti | English poet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
23. ^ Roe, Dinah (2010). The Pre-Raphaelites: From Rossetti to Ruskin. Penguin Classics. p. 182.
24. ^ Roe, Dinah (2010). The Pre-Raphaelites: From Rossetti to Ruskin. Penguin Classics. p. xxvii.
25. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. ISBN 978-0956730329.
26. ^ a b Rutigliano, Olivia (16 April 2020). "Christina Rossetti once wrote a poem calling out a suitor who would not take no for an answer". Literary Hub. Retrieved 13 April 2026.
27. ^ a b "Rossetti, Christina Georgina (1830–1894), poet". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24139. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
28. ^ Lona Mosk Packer, (1963), Christina Rossetti, University of California Press, p. 155.
29. ^ a b c "Christina Rossetti". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 13 April 2026.
30. ^ a b Snow, Emily (22 August 2023). "Christina Rossetti: Interweaving Poetry and Art". Daily Art Magazine. Archived from the original on 24 August 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
31. ^ "Christina Rossetti". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
32. ^ Rumens, Carol (25 June 2012). "Poem of the Week: Goblin Market by Christina Rossetti". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 March 2026.
33. ^ Constance W. Hassett, (2005), Christina Rossetti: the patience of style, University of Virginia Press, p. 15.
34. ^ Christina Rossetti, The Complete Poems, Penguin Books, London, 2001 ISBN 978-0-14-042366-2.
35. ^ a b Antony H. Harrison (2004), The Letters of Christina Rossetti Volume 4, 1887–1894, University of Virginia Press, ISBN 0-8139-2295-X.
36. ^ The Norton Anthology of Poetry (revised shorter edition), ISBN 0-393-09251-8.
37. ^ Scott Wilson, Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 40725-40726). McFarland & Company, Inc., publishers. Kindle Edition.
38. ^ "Christina Rossetti: London Remembers". londonremembers.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
39. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). CHRISTINA ROSSETTI: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. ISBN 978-0956730329.
40. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). CHRISTINA ROSSETTI: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. pp. 269–270. ISBN 978-0956730329.
41. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). CHRISTINA ROSSETTI: Learning Not to Be First. The Book Mill. p. 614. ISBN 978-0956730329.
42. ^ Pieter Liebregts and Wim Tigges, eds. (1996) Beauty and the Beast: Christina Rossetti. Rodopi Press, p. 43.
43. ^ Hoxie Neale Fairchild (1939), Religious Trends in English Poetry, Vol. 4, Columbia University Press.
44. ^ Jones, Kathleen (2011). Learning Not To Be First: The Life of Christina Rossetti. The Book Mill. p. 82. ISBN 978-0956730329.
45. ^ TLS, 4 December 1930.
46. ^ A Gallery of English and American Women Famous in Song (1875), J.M. Stoddart & Company, pp. 205-207.
47. ^ "Bleak Midwinter named best carol". 27 November 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
48. ^ Hymns and Carols of Christmas Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine(2003) Brother Tristam, Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, p. 172 ISBN 978-1-85311-479-3(honoured with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Anglican Church on 27 April.)
49. ^ "ChurchofEngland.org, Holy Days calendar". Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
50. ^ Merrick, Hope. "Hope Squire". www.worldcat.org. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
51. ^ My Heart is Like a Singing Bird: Song settings of poetry by Christina Rossetti Archived 10 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Sheva CD SH076 (2013)
52. ^ "Christina Rossetti in Music". Retrieved 30 March 2024.
53. ^ "Texts to Mother and Child: Song Cycle by John Ireland". The LiederNet Archive. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
54. ^ Christina Rossetti: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
55. ^ Spizer, Bruce (2005). The Beatles Solo on Apple Records. 498 Productions. pp. 20, 28–29. ISBN 0966264959.
56. ^ Aronoff, Herbert (7 March 1970). "Pop Music". The Gazette. p. 44. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
57. ^ Rossetti, Christina (25 April 2017). "Who Has Seen the Wind?". Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
58. ^ McCreary, Bear (24 February 2015). ""When I Am Dead"". BearMcCreary.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
59. ^ "Constance Virtue - Vocal Texts and Translations at the LiederNet Archive". www.lieder.net. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
60. ^ "Hanna Von Vollenhoven - Vocal Texts and Translations at the LiederNet Archive". www.lieder.net. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
61. ^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopedia of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN 0-9617485-2-4. OCLC 16714846.
62. ^ "Poetry on the Millennium Green". Discover Frome. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
63. ^ "BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Christina Rossetti". BBC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
64. ^ FAQ: "Why the title The Cuckoo's Calling?" at "About Robert Galbraith (AKA J.K. Rowling)". Archived from the original on 17 June 2014.
65. ^ Rossetti 1875, p. 89.
66. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
67. ^ "Rossetti family tree". Archived from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
68. ^ "Pietrocola family of Vasto". Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
69. ^ Manfredi, Marco. "Polidori, Gaetano" (in Italian). Treccani. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
70. ^ a b c d e f g h "Christina Rossetti Bibliography Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – UK First Edition Books," Bookseller World, Web, 19 May 2011.
71. ^ "Sing-Song (1893) by Christina Rossetti". digital.library.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2005.
72. ^ "'When I am Dead my Dearest' by Christina Georgina Rossetti | Major English | Class 12". 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.

Sources

• David Clifford and Laurence Roussillon, Outsiders Looking In: The Rossettis Then and Now. London: Anthem, 2004
• Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Rossetti, Christina Georgina" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 746–747.
• Antony Harrison, Christina Rossetti in Context. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1988
• Maura Ives, Christina Rossetti: A Descriptive Bibliography. New Castle, D.E.: Oak Knoll, 2011
• Kathleen Jones, Christina Rossetti: Learning Not To Be First
• Jan Marsh, Introduction, Christina Rossetti, Poems and Prose. London: Everyman, 1994. xvii–xxxiii
• Jan Marsh, Christina Rossetti: A Writer's Life. New York: Viking, 1994
• Thomas, Frances (1994). Christina Rossetti: A Biography. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-4055-2500-8.

• Poems and poetry at the Poetry Foundation
• Profile at Poets.org
• "Christina Rossetti", In our time, BBC Radio 4 (audio, 45 minutes)
• Rossetti Family Correspondence at University of Kansas Libraries
• Online books, and library resources in your library and in other libraries about Christina Rossetti
• Online books, and library resources in your library and in other libraries by Christina Rossetti
• Works by Christina Rossetti at Project Gutenberg
• Open Library
• Works by or about Christina Rossetti at the Internet Archive
• Works by Christina Rossetti at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Free scores by Christina Rossetti in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Christina Rossetti in Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1997)
• Christina Rossetti Collection. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.