1 Which of these philosophers is a dogmatist, according to Kant? Gottfried Leibniz Plato René Descartes David Hume 2 Which of these philosophers proved that causation could not be experienced? Christian Wolff Aristotle David Hume Thomas Aquinas 3 Which of these is an a priori judgment? ‘Some bachelors are named Richard.” “2+2=4” “This table is heavy.” “Not all books are the same size.” 4 What kind of knowledge does metaphysics seek? analytic a posteriori knowledge analytic a priori knowledge synthetic a priori knowledge synthetic a posteriori knowledge 5 Which of these is an a priori, or pure, intuition? God gravitation a circle infinity 6 How is mathematics possible as a science? From the pure intuitions of time and space. It’s not, it’s only informed conjecture. By the common agreement of mathematicians. Through observation and induction. 7 Which is the definition of nature, according to Kant? organic matter like plants or trees inclination or instinct anything that isn’t human the cognition of an object as being determined by a universal law 8 Why is a subjective impression not universally valid? Because it only makes a claim about the perceiving subject. Because our senses are frequently in error. Because we can’t be sure if other people are sensing the same thing. It is—in fact, it is the only form of certainty. 9 Which of the following is not a category of relation? Inherence Community Quantity Causality 10 What is a judgment of experience? A sensory perception linked with a category of the understanding. A judgment based on the simple facts of sensory experience. Induction from sensory experience to abstract generality. A judgment based on memory. 11 What category of judgment is the statement, “This coffee is hot because it was just made?” Negative Modal Affirmative Causal 12 What is the relationship between the natural sciences and the understanding? The natural sciences are derived from the pure categories of the understanding. There is none, the natural science are derived from Reason. The understanding grasps the laws inherent in things as they are. There is none, natural science is based entirely on sensory experience. 13 Which faculty is responsible for us seeing that an object is red? Reason Understanding Intuition Imagination 14 Which faculty is responsible for linking sensory experiences? Imagination Intuition Understanding Reason 15 Which faculty is responsible for asking whether God exists? Reason Intuition Imagination Understanding 16 Why is metaphysics led so easily into error? Because the human mind can’t attain truth. Because philosophers are so hungry for fame that they will tell the public what it thinks it wants to hear. Because it can’t be verified by the senses. Because the world is a confusing place. 17 In what way does Reason intervene in the understanding? By proving that nothing can be truly known. By proving that the universe is infinite. By proving that God exists. By positing moral obligations. 18 Why can’t we know whether the universe is infinite or finite? Because it is both infinite and finite. Because it is finite, but we can’t travel to its edge to know for sure. Because space is a form of intuition, and not an attribute of objects themselves. Because it is in fact infinite, but our mind is finite. 19 Which of the following is not an Idea of Reason? Liberty God Infinity Causality 20 Why is moral obligation an Idea of Reason? Because following the moral law gives us a sense of satisfaction. Because it can’t be derived from experience. Because it is self-contradictory and erroneous. Because it is more reasonable to follow moral laws than not to. 21 What does Kant mean when he says that the natural sciences are limited? There are no questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. The human mind is finite and can’t know everything. They don’t answer the deeper spiritual needs of human life. There are questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. 22 Why can’t we have a purely intellectual proof of God’s existence? Because to truly know God we would need to have sensory experience of Him. Because God exceeds the human intellect. Because using our intellect shows us that God does not exist. Because, though the proofs hold up, they are spiritually unsatisfying. 23 What is critique, according to Kant? Using Reason to examine Ideas of Reason for internal contradictions. Maintaining a philosophical distance from commonly held ideas. The use of rigorous logic. Commentary on previous philosophers, showing how they might have improved their work. 24 What is the difference between metaphysics and common sense? Metaphysics can be grounded as a science, common sense can’t. Common sense is often error, whereas metaphysics is correct more frequently. Common sense is more practical and useful than metaphysics. There is no difference. 25 What must a proper critique do, according to Kant? Respond negatively to a preexisting philosophical work. Examine a philosopher’s previous work. Take a political stand against authority. Examine a concept or idea from with respect to each faculty.