1 Which of these philosophers is a dogmatist, according to Kant? David Hume René Descartes Gottfried Leibniz Plato 2 Which of these philosophers proved that causation could not be experienced? Aristotle Christian Wolff David Hume Thomas Aquinas 3 Which of these is an a priori judgment? “Not all books are the same size.” ‘Some bachelors are named Richard.” “2+2=4” “This table is heavy.” 4 What kind of knowledge does metaphysics seek? synthetic a priori knowledge analytic a posteriori knowledge synthetic a posteriori knowledge analytic a priori knowledge 5 Which of these is an a priori, or pure, intuition? gravitation God infinity a circle 6 How is mathematics possible as a science? It’s not, it’s only informed conjecture. By the common agreement of mathematicians. From the pure intuitions of time and space. Through observation and induction. 7 Which is the definition of nature, according to Kant? anything that isn’t human organic matter like plants or trees the cognition of an object as being determined by a universal law inclination or instinct 8 Why is a subjective impression not universally valid? Because our senses are frequently in error. It is—in fact, it is the only form of certainty. Because we can’t be sure if other people are sensing the same thing. Because it only makes a claim about the perceiving subject. 9 Which of the following is not a category of relation? Causality Quantity Inherence Community 10 What is a judgment of experience? A sensory perception linked with a category of the understanding. Induction from sensory experience to abstract generality. A judgment based on the simple facts of sensory experience. A judgment based on memory. 11 What category of judgment is the statement, “This coffee is hot because it was just made?” Modal Causal Affirmative Negative 12 What is the relationship between the natural sciences and the understanding? There is none, the natural science are derived from Reason. The understanding grasps the laws inherent in things as they are. There is none, natural science is based entirely on sensory experience. The natural sciences are derived from the pure categories of the understanding. 13 Which faculty is responsible for us seeing that an object is red? Reason Understanding Intuition Imagination 14 Which faculty is responsible for linking sensory experiences? Understanding Reason Imagination Intuition 15 Which faculty is responsible for asking whether God exists? Imagination Intuition Reason Understanding 16 Why is metaphysics led so easily into error? Because the human mind can’t attain truth. Because it can’t be verified by the senses. Because the world is a confusing place. Because philosophers are so hungry for fame that they will tell the public what it thinks it wants to hear. 17 In what way does Reason intervene in the understanding? By proving that the universe is infinite. By proving that God exists. By proving that nothing can be truly known. By positing moral obligations. 18 Why can’t we know whether the universe is infinite or finite? Because it is both infinite and finite. Because it is in fact infinite, but our mind is finite. Because space is a form of intuition, and not an attribute of objects themselves. Because it is finite, but we can’t travel to its edge to know for sure. 19 Which of the following is not an Idea of Reason? God Causality Infinity Liberty 20 Why is moral obligation an Idea of Reason? Because it is more reasonable to follow moral laws than not to. Because it can’t be derived from experience. Because it is self-contradictory and erroneous. Because following the moral law gives us a sense of satisfaction. 21 What does Kant mean when he says that the natural sciences are limited? There are no questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. They don’t answer the deeper spiritual needs of human life. The human mind is finite and can’t know everything. There are questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. 22 Why can’t we have a purely intellectual proof of God’s existence? Because using our intellect shows us that God does not exist. Because God exceeds the human intellect. Because to truly know God we would need to have sensory experience of Him. Because, though the proofs hold up, they are spiritually unsatisfying. 23 What is critique, according to Kant? Commentary on previous philosophers, showing how they might have improved their work. The use of rigorous logic. Using Reason to examine Ideas of Reason for internal contradictions. Maintaining a philosophical distance from commonly held ideas. 24 What is the difference between metaphysics and common sense? Common sense is more practical and useful than metaphysics. There is no difference. Common sense is often error, whereas metaphysics is correct more frequently. Metaphysics can be grounded as a science, common sense can’t. 25 What must a proper critique do, according to Kant? Respond negatively to a preexisting philosophical work. Examine a concept or idea from with respect to each faculty. Examine a philosopher’s previous work. Take a political stand against authority.