Answer
The cardinal signs and symptoms (SS) of inflammation are redness, pain. heat, and swelling. They are
cause in the following ways:
Work Step by Step
Redness: This is caused by increased blood flow due to vasodilation.
Pain: Pain is due to injury to nerve endings, irritation of nerves by microbial toxins, kinins, and
prostaglandins.
Heat: Heat is due to increase in blood flow, and greater metabolic activity.
Swelling: Swelling develops because increased permeability of capillary walls permits greater
leakage of fluid into interstitial spaces.
