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The hard palate is formed by two bones: the maxilla and the palatine bone. The anterior portion of the hard palate (the bony portion behind the teeth) is formed by the horizontal plate of the maxilla, while the posterior portion of the hard palate is formed by the horizontal plates of the two palatine bones
The nasal septum is formed by three structures: the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and the septal cartilage. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior portion of the nasal septum, the vomer bone forms the inferior and posterior portion of the septum, and the septal cartilage forms the anterior portion of the septum. Together, these structures divide the nasal cavity into left and right halves.