The Duchess of Malfi

The Duchess of Malfi Literary Elements

Genre

drama; tragedy

Setting and Context

Malfi (Almafi), Italy, 1504-1510

Narrator and Point of View

There is no singular narrator present in the play, though it most closely follows the thoughts and experiences of the Duchess before her death.

Tone and Mood

bleak, despairing, pessimistic, critical

Protagonist and Antagonist

The protagonist of the play is the Duchess of Malfi. The antagonists are the Cardinal, Ferdinand, and Bosola (before his conversion).

Major Conflict

The major conflict in the play is that the Duchess secretly marries her steward, Antonio, against her brothers' wishes. This secret marriage inspires the brothers to seek revenge on their sister and her new husband.

Climax

The climax of the play occurs when Ferdinand executes the Duchess, her two children, and her maid, Cariola.

Foreshadowing

Ferdinand's frequent references to wolves at the beginning of the play foreshadow his madness, in which he thinks he is being transformed into a werewolf.

Understatement

N/A

Allusions

The play makes frequent allusions to the Christian Bible, Ancient Greek and Roman mythology and literature, and other Renaissance texts including Webster's other famous play, The White Devil.

Imagery

Important imagery in the play includes the theater, bodies and souls, darkness, and bestiality.

Paradox

The central paradox in the play is that, though the Duchess is a powerful, high-ranking woman, her two brothers are the ones who control her fate.

Parallelism

The Cardinal and Ferdinand are in many ways parallel characters, as they are both malicious and villainous throughout the play. When Ferdinand goes mad, it is a physical manifestation of his internal guilt and shame, something that the Cardinal – as the ultimate villain of the play – does not comprehend.

Metonymy and Synecdoche

N/A

Personification

The play makes frequent use of inverse personification called zoomorphism, in which people are compared to animals. These references help emphasize the play's argument that men are base creatures who act savagely against one another in order to advance themselves.

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