To say that this novel is about the Russian Revolution would be to miss the mark. In fact, this novel is about political opinion intersecting with community and public opinion. We know this because the most distinguishing feature of Razumov's life is that he has no family to speak of, nor is politically affiliated. The Russian police think this would make him an excellent spy, but he ends up betraying them to serve his new community, whom he was sent to betray. In other words, this novel is not about a loyal person betraying someone, it is about a treasonous person developing loyalty.
So the novel is thematically centered around the issue of loyalty. The political opinions of the characters are almost insignificant, not that their point of view doesn't matter—it does, it's just that we know where those beliefs really come from. The Revolutionary movement is a social movement among friends and relatives who live in communities and do life together. Therefore, to be in community is to appreciate the movement that the community is promoting. Razumov's loyalty is essentially to whoever treats him like an insider.
Razumov is a picture of human psychology, because he doesn't even understand that he wants to be in community until he is in one, but he was sent to destroy the community, so he learns a valuable lesson about himself. Secretly, he has always wanted a family, and although he has no blood relatives to speak of, he learns that community becomes a kind of family, and that enlightenment is the impetus for his striking sacrifice. By the end of the book, he has betrayed himself for the sake of love and truth.
