Anne Sexton: Poems Anne Sexton

Anne Sexton (born Anne Gray Harvey; November 9, 1928 – October 4, 1974) was an American poet known for her highly personal, confessional verse. She won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1967 for her book Live or Die. Her poetry details her long battle with bipolar disorder, suicidal tendencies, and intimate details from her private life, including relationships with her husband and children, whom one daughter later alleged she had physically and sexually abused. Sexton’s work continues to be widely read and studied for its emotional intensity and innovative style.

Anne Sexton was born Anne Gray Harvey in Newton, Massachusetts, to Mary Gray (Staples) Harvey (1901–1959) and Ralph Churchill Harvey (1900–1959). She had two older sisters, Jane Elizabeth (Harvey) Jealous (1923–1983) and Blanche Dingley (Harvey) Taylor (1925–2011). She spent most of her childhood in Boston. Sexton's early home life may have been materially comfortable, but may not have been emotionally. It is known that Sexton's parents were often abusive. In 1945 she enrolled at Rogers Hall boarding school in Lowell, Massachusetts, later spending a year at Garland School.[2] She lived with her great aunt 'Nanna' - her "greatest confidante"[3], who was also institutionalised. For a time she modeled for Boston's Hart Agency. On August 16, 1948, she married Alfred Muller Sexton II and they remained together until 1973.[4][5] Sexton had her first child, Linda Gray Sexton, in 1953. Her second child, Joyce Ladd Sexton, was born two years later. Shortly after, Anne Sexton had her first breakdown and was admitted to a neuropsychiatric hospital. Sexton continued to suffer with her mental health for the remainder of her life, which is embedded in her poetry.

After giving birth to her daughter Linda in 1953, Sexton started to suffer from postpartum depression and symptoms of bipolar disorder which was diagnosed in 1954. However, it wasn’t after the birth of her second daughter, Joy, in 1955 that her postpartum depression worsened and she attempted suicide for the first time, which resulted in her being institutionalised in Westwood Lodge in 1956. It is here she met Dr Martin Orne, who became her psychiatrist for the next 8 years.[6] He suggested that she write poetry as an outlet for her struggles telling her 'You can't kill yourself; you have something to give. Why, if people read your poems' [...] they would think, "There's somebody else like me!" They wouldn't feel alone.'[7] Between January and December 1957, Sexton brought Orne 60 meticulously finished poems.[8]

In 1957, Anne attended her first communal poetry workshop at the Boston Centre for Adult Education ran by John Holmes.[9] Sexton felt great trepidation about attending the class as she felt she was incomparable to many there as she had no formal training in poetry; she called her friend and asked her to come with her. To her surprise, a number of her poems were featured in magazines by Saturday Review, Harper’s Magazine and in The New Yorker, one of which being ‘Sunbathers’ in their June 13th, 1959 issue.[10] In the fall of 1958, Sexton began attending Robert Lowell’s poetry seminar held at Boston University where she met him and later Sylvia Plath and George Starbuck in 1959.[5][11]

Sexton’s first poetry collection, To Bedlam and Part Way Back, was published in 1960, which explored the raw taboos surrounding mental illness.[12] The title gives hints into Sexton’s chaotic experience with the inclusion of ‘Bedlam’, the infamous London psychiatric hospital, as well as ‘Part Way Back’ revealing the struggle it has taken to get merely close to normality. An extensive collection along with the popular, widely recognised poem, ‘Her Kind’, was published, which explored the wrongful vilification and patriarchal oppression women faced through the image of witches.[13]

Sexton and Plath’s relationship was short lived due to Plath’s death in 1963. Lowell observed, when they were both in his class, that they could benefit from one and other, “the tightly controlled Plath could benefit from Sexton's "looseness."[14][15] When Sylvia died, Anne expressed profound feelings of grief, jealousy and betrayal to Dr. Orne, quoting, “Sylvia's death disturbs me. Makes me want it too. She took something that was mine, that death was mine! Of course it was her's too. But we both swore off it, the way you swear off smoking.” To honour her tumultuous, yet valuable friendship, Sexton wrote 'Sylvia's Death', which was first published in 1963 in TriQuarterly magazine, before being published in her Pulitzer Prize winning collection, Live or Die, in 1966.

Sexton's poetic career was encouraged by her mentor W. D. Snodgrass, whom she met at the Antioch Writer's Conference in 1957. His poem "Heart's Needle" proved inspirational for her in its theme of separation from his three-year-old daughter.[16] Sexton first read the poem at a time when her own young daughter was living with her mother-in-law. She, in turn, wrote "The Double Image", a poem which explores the multi-generational relationship between mother and daughter. Sexton began writing letters to Snodgrass and they became friends.

While working with John Holmes, Sexton encountered Maxine Kumin. They became good friends and remained so for the rest of Sexton's life. Kumin and Sexton rigorously critiqued each other's work and wrote four children's books together. In the late 1960s, the manic elements of Sexton's illness began to affect her career, though she still wrote and published work and gave readings of her poetry. She collaborated with musicians, forming a jazz-rock group called Her Kind that added music to her poetry. Her play Mercy Street, starring Marian Seldes, was produced in 1969 after several years of revisions.[17] Sexton also collaborated with the artist Barbara Swan, who illustrated several of her books.[18]

Within 12 years of writing her first sonnet, she was among the most honored poets in the U.S.: a Pulitzer Prize winner, a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and the first female member of the Harvard chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.[19][20]

On October 4, 1974, Sexton had lunch with Kumin to revise galleys for Sexton's manuscript of The Awful Rowing Toward God, scheduled for publication in March 1975 (Middlebrook 396). Later that day she died by suicide at the age of 45.[21]

In an interview over a year before her death, she explained she had written the first drafts of The Awful Rowing Toward God in 20 days with "two days out for despair and three days out in a mental hospital." She went on to say that she would not allow the poems to be published before her death.

Her funeral was at St. Paul's Church in Dedham, Massachusetts.[22] She is buried at Forest Hills Cemetery & Crematory in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts.

Sexton is seen as the modern model of the confessional poet due to the intimate and emotional content of her poetry. Sexton often wrote and disclosed her struggles with mental illness through her work. Sexton included numerous topics which were then regarded as obscene and repulsive, especially for women to talk about publicly at the time. Sexton was one of the many poets that popularised the style of confessional poetry that is more intimate, intense, and about self-elevation, instead of it being in the modernist impersonal style. Maxine Kumin described Sexton's work: "She wrote openly about menstruation, abortion, masturbation, incest, adultery, and drug addiction at a time when the proprieties embraced none of these as proper topics for poetry."[23]

It could be said that Sexton used poetry to try to handle her depression, breakdowns, and her complex relationships, which is precisely what makes her work so eye-opening and gripping. Initially, it was her psychiatrist who encouraged her to utilise poetry as a coping mechanism to purge her feelings. This suggestion led to the creation of "You, Doctor Martin"[24], which highlights her experiences in a psychiatric hospital.

Sexton's work towards the end of the 1960s has been criticized as "preening, lazy and flip" by otherwise respectful critics.[19] Some critics regard her alcoholism as compromising her last work. However, other critics see Sexton as a poet whose writing matured over time. "Starting as a relatively conventional writer, she learned to roughen up her line ... to use as an instrument against the 'politesse' of language, politics, religion [and] sex."[25]

Her eighth collection of poetry is entitled The Awful Rowing Toward God. The title came from her meeting with a Roman Catholic priest who, unwilling to administer last rites, told her "God is in your typewriter." This gave the poet the desire and willpower to continue living and writing. The Awful Rowing Toward God and The Death Notebooks are among her final works, and both center on the theme of dying.[26]

Her work started out as being about herself, however as her career progressed she made periodic attempts to reach outside the realm of her own life for poetic themes.[27] Transformations (1971), which is a re-visionary re-telling of Grimm's Fairy Tales, is one such book.[28]

(Transformations was used as the libretto for the 1973 opera of the same name by American composer Conrad Susa.) Later she used Christopher Smart's Jubilate Agno and the Bible as the basis for some of her work.[29]

Much has been made of the tangled threads of her writing, her life, and her depression, much in the same way as with Sylvia Plath's suicide in 1963. Robert Lowell, Adrienne Rich, and Denise Levertov commented in separate obituaries on the role of creativity in Sexton's death. Levertov says, "We who are alive must make clear, as she could not, the distinction between creativity and self-destruction."[11]

Following one of many suicide attempts and manic or depressive episodes, Sexton worked with therapist Martin Orne.[19] He diagnosed her with what is now described as bipolar disorder, but his competence to do so is called into question by his early use of allegedly unsound psychotherapeutic techniques.[30] During sessions with Sexton, he used hypnosis and sodium pentothal to recover supposedly repressed memories. During this process, he allegedly used suggestion to uncover memories of having been abused by her father.[31] This abuse was disputed in interviews with her mother and other relatives.[32]

Orne wrote that hypnosis in an adult frequently does not present accurate memories of childhood; instead, "adults under hypnosis are not literally reliving their early childhoods but presenting them through the prisms of adulthood."[33] According to Orne, Sexton was extremely suggestible and would mimic the symptoms of the patients around her in the mental hospitals to which she was committed. Diane Middlebrook's biography states that a separate personality named Elizabeth emerged in Sexton while under hypnosis. Orne did not encourage this development and subsequently this "alternate personality" disappeared. Orne eventually concluded that Anne Sexton was suffering from hysteria.[34]

During the writing of the Middlebrook biography, her daughter, Linda Gray Sexton, stated that she had been sexually assaulted by her mother.[31][35] In 1994, she published her autobiography Searching for Mercy Street: My Journey Back to My Mother, Anne Sexton, which includes her own accounts of the abuse.[36][37]

Middlebrook published her controversial biography of Anne Sexton with the approval of daughter Linda, Anne's literary executor.[34] For use in the biography, Orne had given Diane Middlebrook most of the tapes recording the therapy sessions between Orne and Anne Sexton. The use of these tapes was met with, as The New York Times put it, "thunderous condemnation".[19] Middlebrook received the tapes after she had written a substantial amount of the first draft of Sexton's biography, and decided to start over. Although Linda Gray Sexton collaborated with the Middlebrook biography, other members of the Sexton family were divided over the book, publishing several editorials and op-ed pieces in The New York Times and The New York Times Book Review.

Controversy continued with the posthumous public release of the tapes (which had been subject to doctor-patient confidentiality). They are said to reveal Sexton's molestation of her daughter Linda,[38][37] her physically violent behavior toward both her daughters, and her physical altercations with her husband.[35]

Further controversy surrounds allegations that she had an "affair with" the therapist who replaced Orne in the 1960s.[39]

No action was taken to censure or discipline the second therapist. Orne considered the "affair" with the second therapist (given the pseudonym "Ollie Zweizung" by Middlebrook and Linda Sexton) to be the catalyst that eventually resulted in her suicide.[11] Coverage of the book's release names the second therapist as Dr. Frederick J. Duhl. When questioned, he declined to comment, citing concerns over his medical license.[40]

Peter Gabriel dedicated his song "Mercy Street" (named for her play Mercy Street and inspired by his reading of her poem "45 Mercy Street") from his 1986 album So to Sexton.[41] She has been described as a "personal touchstone" for Morrissey, former lead singer and lyricist of The Smiths.[42] She is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.[43]

Poetry

• To Bedlam and Part Way Back (1960)
• All My Pretty Ones (1962)
• Live or Die (1966)
• Love Poems (1969)
• Transformations (1971)
• The Book of Folly (1972)
• The Death Notebooks (1974)
• The Awful Rowing Toward God (1975)
• 45 Mercy Street (1976)
• Words for Dr. Y.: Uncollected Poems (1978)
• The Complete Poems: Anne Sexton (1981)

Prose

• Anne Sexton: A Self-Portrait in Letters (1977)

1. ^ "Anne Sexton". Academy of American Poets. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
2. ^ Middlebrook, p. 21.
3. ^ "Anne Sexton". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2026.
4. ^ Nelson, Cary (August 27, 2008). "Anne Sexton Chronology". Modern American Poetry website. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
5. ^ a b Morris, Tim (April 23, 1999). "A Brief Biography of the Life of Anne Sexton". University of Texas at Arlington. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
6. ^ Young, Helen (2002). "Anne Sexton: An Inventory of Her Collection at the Harry Ransom Centre". Harry Ransom Centre, The University of Texas at Austin.
7. ^ Carton, S. (1993). The Poet, the Biographer and the Shrink: Psychiatrist-Patient Confidentiality and the Anne Sexton Biography. University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review. p. 120.
8. ^ Hughes, S. M. (1991). The Sexton Tapes. The Pennsylvania Gazette. pp. 20–28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
9. ^ "Sexton, Anne: Introduction | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 13, 2026.
10. ^ Sexton, Anne (June 6, 1959). "Sunbathers". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved February 13, 2026.
11. ^ a b c Carroll, James (Fall 1992). "Review: 'Anne Sexton: A Biography'". Ploughshares. 18 (58). Archived from the original on November 4, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
12. ^ "To Bedlam and Part Way Back by Anne Sexton | History | Research Starters | EBSCO Research". EBSCO. Retrieved February 13, 2026.
13. ^ Kelly, Joseph, ed. (2018). The Seagull Book Of Poems (4th ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 282, 441. ISBN 978-0-393-63162-3.
14. ^ Trinidad, David (2006). Two Sweet Ladies: Sexton and Plath's Friendship and Mutual Influence. American Poetry Review. pp. 21–29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
15. ^ Keenan, K. R. (2013). "When Ariel found Mercy Street: The influence of Anne Sexton on Sylvia Plath's poetry". Plath Profiles: An Interdisciplinary Journal for Sylvia Plath Studies. 6: 85–94.
16. ^ Snodgrass, W.D., "Heart's Needle" Archived 2006-09-19 at the Wayback Machine, American Academy of Poets.
17. ^ (Musician Peter Gabriel wrote a song inspired by Sexton's work, also titled "Mercy Street".)
18. ^ Sexton, Anne; Sexton, Linda Gray (2004). Anne Sexton: A Self-Portrait in Letters. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 374, 436. ISBN 9780618492428.
19. ^ a b c d Pollitt, Katha (August 18, 1991). "The Death Is Not the Life". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
20. ^ Wagner-Martin, Linda (August 27, 2008). "Anne Sexton's Life". Modern American Poetry website. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
21. ^ "Anne Sexton". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
22. ^ "James Joyce Ramble coming up next weekend". The Dedham Times. Vol. 32, no. 16. April 19, 2024. p. 7.
23. ^ Anne Sexton (1988) Steven E. Colburn, University of Michigan Press, 1988, p. 438; ISBN 9780472063796
24. ^ "A quote from To Bedlam and Part Way Back". www.goodreads.com. Retrieved February 15, 2026.
25. ^ Rothenberg, Jerome; Joris, Pierre, eds. (1995). Poems for the Millennium. Vol. 2. University of California Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-520-07225-1. OCLC 29702496.
26. ^ "Anne Sexton". Poets of Cambridge, U.S.A. Harvard Square Library. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007.
27. ^ Ostriker, Alicia (1983). Writing like a woman. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06347-5. Self was the center, self was the perimeter, of her vision
28. ^ Del George, Dana, The Supernatural in Short Fiction of the Americas: The Other World in the New World, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. 37; ISBN 0-313-31939-1
29. ^ Sexton, Anne (2000). Middlebrook, Diane Wood; George, Diana Hume (eds.). Selected Poems of Anne Sexton. Boston: Mariner Books. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-618-05704-7. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
30. ^ Jamison, K.R., "Manic-depressive illness and creativity" Archived 2013-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. Scientific American, February 1995, pp. 68–73
31. ^ a b Imagining Incest: Sexton, Plath, Rich, and Olds on Life with Daddy (2003) Gale Swiontkowski, Susquehanna University Press, p. 26; ISBN 9781575910611
32. ^ Middlebrook, pp. 56–60.
33. ^ Nagourney, Eric (February 17, 2000). "Martin Orne, 76, Psychiatrist and Expert on Hypnosis, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
34. ^ a b Middlebrook
35. ^ a b Hausman, Ken (September 6, 1991). "Psychiatrist Criticized Over Release Of Poet's Psychotherapy Tapes". The Psychiatric News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved May 13, 2009.
36. ^ Sexton, Linda Gray (1994) Searching for Mercy Street: My Journey Back to My Mother, Anne Sexton. Little Brown & Co.; ISBN 0-316-78207-6
37. ^ a b Kakutani, Michiko (October 14, 1994). "Books of the Times; A Daughter Revisits Sexton's Bedlam". The New York Times.,
38. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (July 15, 1991). "Poet Told All; Therapist Provides the Record". The New York Times.
39. ^ Morrow, Lance (September 23, 1991). "Pains of The Poet—And Miracles". Time. Archived from the original on November 21, 2011. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
40. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (July 15, 1991). "Poet Told All; Therapist Provides the Record". The New York Times.
41. ^ Holmes, Tim (August 14, 1986). "So". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
42. ^ Thompson, Ben (March 22, 2015). "Morrissey review – in shockingly good voice throughout". The Guardian. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
43. ^ "Back Bay East". Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

• Middlebrook, Diane Wood (1992) [1991]. Anne Sexton: A Biography. Boston: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-74182-4.
• Sexton, Linda Gray (1994). Searching for Mercy Street: My Journey Back to My Mother. Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-78207-4.
• McGowan, Philip (2004). Anne Sexton & Middle Generation Poetry: The Geography of Grief. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-313-31514-5.
• Salvio, Paula M. (2007). Anne Sexton: Teacher of Weird Abundance. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7097-8. OCLC 70684774.
• Gill, Jo (2007). Anne Sexton's Confessional Poetics. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3175-0.
• Golden, Amanda, ed. (2016). This Business of Words: Reassessing Anne Sexton. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813062204.

• Barbara Kevles (Summer 1971). "Anne Sexton, The Art of Poetry No. 15". The Paris Review. Summer 1971 (52). Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
• Anne Sexton at home on YouTube (video)
• Rare film footage on YouTube of Anne reciting some poetry, and some home movie excerpts. From an Arts Review program from the early 1990s.
• "Requiem For Anne Sexton". Here and Now. November 8, 2007. Interview with daughter Linda Gray Sexton, and Robert Clawson, who managed the Sexton's experimental band Anne Sexton and Her Kind.
• Anne Sexton's papers (Archived September 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine) at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin
• Anne Sexton's art collection (Archived September 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine) at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin