This is a text about relative power in society, and how some people have power over others due to their status and class. The character Hawkins is falsely accused of murder, while the real murderer is excused due to his relative wealth. As a result, Hawkins is executed for a crime he didn't commit. After Caleb discovers Falkland's guilt, he is also accused of stealing by Falkland. As the community believes Falkland once again, we see the influence that power and status had at the time Godwin was writing.
At the time, this text was understandably accused of advocating anarchy and the destruction of social order, as it challenged the influence of power on the court. The text is set in a time of political change, with revolutions taking place in America and France. As such, the British establishment was cautious about any political disruption. Godwin himself was radical and supported anarchism.
This novel is also partly influenced by Gothic literature. Psychology is a key focus of Gothic literature and is also a feature of Caleb Williams. This text explores the anger, repression, immorality, and corruption of humanity and society. This is excellently executed through the character of Falkland, who is depicted as a complex and troubled character. Caleb himself is depicted as a Gothic outsider, and as a lone moral voice among immorality and corruption. The Gothic outsider is often a curious character, as Caleb is, and is often punished for his insatiable curiosity.
