Motorcycle
The incarnation of Nanabush as John rides into the First Nations community is an Indian Chief motorcycle. It is his primary mode of transport moving from one place to the next but it also symbolizes the history of the indigenous people. Initially, the First Nations were displaced from their ancestral lands and wandered to other parts of the land. Their movement detached them from their spiritual connection to the land, however, they would move back after reclamation. John enters these societies with the hope of cultural restoration while moving akin to the physical and cultural movement of the First Nations.
Sweetgrass
The novel opens with the replacement of the emblem of Ojibway culture with that of the Christian faith such as crosses. The dual culture of the indigenous people after the influence of the settlers is at the center of the story. It highlights the conflict between the native culture and Christianity within the reserves. Sweetgrass symbolizes the cultural identity that exists within the communities but is also dwindling over time. The characters are reconciling the two cultures as a major transformation is occurring in their societies.
Different Faces
The character John appears as a white man yet he is an ancient spirit Nanabush in disguise behind his many faces. These different faces symbolize the diversity of the native culture contrary to the common misconceptions. The aboriginal and native cultures in the reserves are a blend of many backgrounds, cultures, and transformations. Nanabush represents all the varied ways the indigenous people view themselves even after cross-cultural interactions.
Lilian
Virgil, Maggie, and Wayne attempt to balance their cultural identity and modern-day life by maintaining their roots. John’s presence is also a reminder to stick to their roots but Lilian, Maggie’s mother, is the last connection to the culture. The younger generation is trying to keep alive their way of life despite the effects of forced assimilation. Furthermore, the older generation were the first victims of the programs that disconnected the tribes from their identity. Lilian symbolizes the native history and origin that persists even with the influence of the outside cultures.
