Eye symbolism
Within the text, Erikson discusses the symbolism of eyes across different cultures and in literature. He analyses this in the following passage:
"In Russian literature there is endless variation in the use of the eye as a soulful receptor, as an avid grasper, and as the very organ for mutual soulful surrender. In regard to the great models of political and literary life, however, the emphasis is on the eye as an incorruptible instrument for the manipulation of the future."
He argues that in Russian literature eyes are associated with positive concepts such as the human soul and the appreciation of beauty. However, in political literature, it is often associated with the manipulation of trust.
Nurture
In the early stages of development, nurture is a key aspect of positive psychological development, according to Erikson. Nurture represents positive support and encouragement from caregivers and family and is crucial in developing a positive and healthy personality and identity in adulthood.
Ego
Erikson agrees with some of Freud's arguments but does not emphasize the sexual elements of development as Freud did. Instead, Erikson focuses on the ego, which is concerned with identity and personality development. A negative development of the ego leads to insecurity, dependency on others and identity issues.
Native American tribes
Erikson illustrates his argument with evidence collected from his time studying two Native American tribes in North America. He focuses on the children and their development and makes assumptions from this. Erikson’s conclusions gained from this experience symbolize the universal development of children across different cultures and nationalities.
