Role of parents or caregivers
One of the main themes underlying in Childhood and Society is the theme of the important role of caregivers or parents in the development of an adult personality. In his study, Erikson describes how the events experienced during childhood affect the healthy development of the individual's personality.
In his theory of the Psychosocial Stages of Development described in this book, the role of childhood experiences are evident. In the first stage, the individual develops a trusting personality on the basis of the care given by the caregiver. Inefficient caregivers result in a personality that is less trusting of others, and hostile.
In the second stage, the experience of making small decisions comes into play. In this stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt, the child begins to perform actions and gain control of his/her body. Important actions include potty training. In this stage, the parents must allow freedom but show restrictions. Inefficiency leads to a personality that lacks self-esteem.
In the following stages until the stage of adolescence, that is the stage of identity vs confusion, in which the adolescent explores his/her identity and tries out different roles. Parental support is crucial, as negligence can lead to a confused and distorted sense of personality.
Role of childhood experiences
In his study, Erikson describes the development of personality across one's lifespan. In this, the role of childhood experiences plays an important part. As the child grows, gains autonomy, takes initiative, the child spins a concept of his/her personality.
If the child experiences positive moments, receives proper guidance and support, then the child develops a healthy personality which continues into adulthood, till death. If the child encounters a number of negative experiences such as abuse, then the child's personality will be adversely affected with negative characteristics.
Role of society and culture
In his study, Erikson describes the development of personality and the effect of society and culture on the same. The manner in which a child is brought up affects his personality, and the way the child is brought up depends, to a great extent, upon the culture and social context.
Psychology and psychoanalytic approach
The main subject-area of this book is Psychology, and in particular, child psychology. It studies the way in which children and their personalities are shaped by society, experiences and the caregivers present. This book also draws inferences from Freud's psychoanalytic theory which states that the personality stems from an interaction between the individuals id, ego and superego. Unlike Freud, however, Erikson stated in his book that the id is not the chief decider,but the ego strives hard to strike a balance between the id and superego. The id is that component of personality which consists of impulses and urges, the super-ego is the component which aims at being socially correct and moral and the ego is that component which settles any disputes between the id and superego, and admits the gratification of impulses only when it is safe or acceptable to do so.
