Differential Equations and Linear Algebra (4th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-32196-467-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-32196-467-0

Chapter 7 - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - 7.4 An Introduction to the Matrix Exponential Function - Problems - Page 466: 14

Answer

See below

Work Step by Step

$A=\begin{bmatrix} -3 & 9\\ -1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \\ A^2=\begin{bmatrix} -3 & 9\\ -1 & 3 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} -3 & 9\\ -1 & 3 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$ Hence, an $n \times n$ matrix $A$ is nilpotent. $e^{At}=I_2+At+\frac{1}{2!}(At)^2+...+\frac{1}{k!}(At)^k\\ =I_2+\begin{bmatrix} -3t & 9t\\ -t & 3t \end{bmatrix}+\frac{1}{2!}A^2t^2+...+\frac{1}{k!}A^kt^k\\ =\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix} -3t & 9t\\ -t & 3t \end{bmatrix}\\ =\begin{bmatrix} 1-3t & 9t\\ -t & 1+3t \end{bmatrix}$
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