Differential Equations and Linear Algebra (4th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-32196-467-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-32196-467-0

Chapter 7 - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - 7.4 An Introduction to the Matrix Exponential Function - Problems - Page 466: 15

Answer

See below

Work Step by Step

$A=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & -6 & -5\\ 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \\ A^2=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & -6 & -5\\ 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} -1 & -6 & -5\\ 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} -4 & 8 & -4\\ -1 & -2 & -1 \\ 2 & -4 & 2 \end{bmatrix} $ $A^3=A^2.A=\begin{bmatrix} -4 & 8 & -4\\ -1 & 2 & -1 \\ 2 & -4 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} -1 & -6 & -5\\ 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{bmatrix} =\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} $ Hence, an $n \times n$ matrix $A$ is nilpotent. $e^{At}=I_3+At+\frac{1}{2!}(At)^2+\frac{1}{3!}(At)^3...+\frac{1}{k!}(At)^k\\ =\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} +\begin{bmatrix} -t & -6t & -5t\\ 0 & -2t & -t \\ t & 2t & 3t \end{bmatrix}+\frac{1}{2}\begin{bmatrix} -4t^2 & 8t^2 & -4t^2\\ -t^2 & 2t^20 & -t^2 \\ 2t^2 & -4t^2 & 2t^2 \end{bmatrix} \\ =\begin{bmatrix} 1-t-4t^2 & -6t+8t^2 & -5t-4t^2\\ -t^2 & 1-2t-2t^2 & -t-t^2 \\ t+2t^2 & 2t-4t^2 & 1+3t+2t^2 \end{bmatrix} $
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