Answer
The x- and y-coordinates are the same for co-terminal angles. Since we use $x$ and $y$ to find $r$, then $x, y,$ and $r$ have the same values for co-terminal angles.
Since the values of $x, y,$ and $r$ are used to find the values for the trigonometric functions, co-terminal angles have the same values for their trigonometric functions.
Work Step by Step
Co-terminal angles are located in the same position on the Cartesian plane. That is, co-terminal angles point in the same direction on the Cartesian plane. Therefore, the x- and y-coordinates are the same for co-terminal angles. Since we use $x$ and $y$ to find $r$, then $x, y,$ and $r$ have the same values for co-terminal angles.
Since the values of $x, y,$ and $r$ are used to find the values for the trigonometric functions, co-terminal angles have the same values for their trigonometric functions.